TransactionsĪ Bitcoin wallet stores a collection of public/private key-pairs of a user, and not directly bitcoins. Finally, section 7 draws the final conclusions and proposes ideas about future work. (2018a), is organized as follows: section 2 describes how Bitcoin transactions work, the Bitcoin scripting language, and what the standard transactions are section 3 shows the non-standard transactions that we found in the block-chain, and related statistics section 4 shows the statistics of standard and non-classical Bitcoin transactions nested in P2SH transactions, focusing on non-standard ones reported in the literature section 5 classifies OP_RETURN transactions by their byte size, and it also presents related statistics section 6 shows related works.
The paper, which extends Bistarelli et al. We also saw that only 2,615 bitcoins (out of more then 17 million in circulation) were definitely “burned” (i.e., made no longer spendable) due to non-standard transactions. For example, there is no particular miner pool that validates only some specific classes of non-standard transactions: all pools that deviate from the standard behavior accept these classes. In addition, this study addresses further general questions. The main result is that only the 0,02% of transactions is non-standard (2009–November 2018). Hence, we can evaluate the errors and misuses accepted by some of the miners in the network. In particular, the goal consists in understanding what and how partial adherence to the Bitcoin protocol or flaws have been exploited so far, accidentally or not. The main motivation behind the paper is to provide an updated and comprehensive screen-shot of standard and non-standard transactions from Bitcoin origins until today. Our interest is mainly focused on non-standard ones, of which we provide a classification in nine different types, extending some previous analysis for bitcoin 2 ( Bistarelli et al., 2018a) and in a manner similar to what done for ethreum ( Bistarelli et al., 2019a). Transactions are standard if they pass the controls implemented in the reference Bitcoin-node software, i.e., Bitcoin Core 1. In this paper we investigate standard and non-standard transactions in the block-chain of Bitcoin. Therefore, the Bitcoin network is completely decentralized, with all the transaction components performed by the users of the system. Money transactions do not require a third-party intermediary, with no traditional financial-institution involved in transactions. The white-paper on Bitcoin appeared in November 2008 ( Nakamoto, 2008), written by a computer programmer(s) using the pseudonym “Satoshi Nakamoto.” His invention is an open-source, peer-to-peer digital currency.
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